when procceding on a voyage without cargo ,ships need to carry sufficient weight(i.e ballast)to lower the hull into the the sea, thereby reducing the exposure of the vessel to the wind ,and the weathre as well as properl immersing the propeller and improvig,steering., nowadays cargo ship use water as conveniet ballast,normally flooding ballast tank with habour water,salt,fresh,or brackish,by anything between 30 and 50 percent of the vessel`s deadweight capacity ,depending on design.in some cases,however the combine capacity of the double bottom tank and those boosted in the fore ad after peaks provide insufficient space for ballast purposes,.in certing vessel,e.g passenger liners, the` cargo` is never sufficiently heavy to provide enough weight, whilst liquid ballast would ultilise too much revenue earing space.the solution reached is the age old one of solid balast,in this case being permanenttly fitted when
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